b'3. Energy Union Since the 2016 UK referendum to leave therequired to have a national target but there is EU, material progress has been madenow a single, EU-wide cap on emissions.8towards a standard energy policy for member states. Following the Brexit vote, PresidentMost recently, on 11 December 2018, in Macron said in September 2017 that theaddition to two directives on renewable EU needs a profoundtransformationwithenergy and energy efficiency, the European deeper political integration with regards toParliament and the Council published a the environment with the introduction of aRegulation on the Governance of the Energy European carbon tax, among other things.5 Union and Climate Action.9This aims to ensure the achievement of the 2030 long- A year later, building on a 2014 commitmentterm objectives and targets of the Energy on climate action, Miguel Arias Canete -Union in line with the 2015 Paris Agreement the EUs energy chief - proposed that EUon climate change, through complementary, countries agree to lower greenhouse gascoherent and ambitious efforts by the Union emissions by 45% of 1990 levels by 2030.and its member states. Currently, the EU is implementing its 2020 climate and energy package which aims toCountries will be required to develop and reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 20%report on integrated national energy and and increase the share of renewable energiesclimate plans (NECPs) that cover the five in overall EU energy consumption to 20%.6 dimensions of the energy union: energy security; the internal energy market; energy The EU Emissions Trading System (ETS) isefficiency; decarbonisation; and research, the primary policy for reducing emissionsinnovation and competitiveness - for from large-scale facilities in the power,the period from 2021 to 2030 (and every industry and aviation sectors across membersubsequent ten year period). states. It limits emissions from more than 11,000 heavy energy-using installations.7 You will note, amongst other things, how little Under the Effort Sharing framework insay any of this gives to member states or previous years, all member states weretheir people. 188'